Issue: Usage-Based Insurance (UBI) is a type of auto insurance that tracks mileage and driving behaviors. UBI is often powered by in-vehicle telecommunication devices (telematics)-technology that is available in a vehicle that is self-installed using a plug in-device or already integrated in original equipment installed by car manufactures. It can also be available through mobile applications. The basic idea of UBI is that a driver's behavior is monitored directly while the person drives, allowing insurers to more closely align driving behaviors with premium rates.
Driver Ubi Forums
Telematics devices measure a number of elements of interest to underwriters: miles driven; time of day; where the vehicle is driven (Global Positioning System or GPS); rapid acceleration; hard braking; hard cornering; and air bag deployment. The level of data collected generally reflects the type of telematics technology employed and the policyholders' willingness to share personal data. The insurance company then assesses the data and charges insurance premiums accordingly. For example, a driver who drives long distance at high speed will be charged a higher rate than a driver who drives short distances at slower speeds. With UBI, premiums are collected using a variety of methods, including utilizing the gas pump, debit accounts, direct billing and smart card systems.
Advantages: UBI programs offer many advantages to insurers, consumers and society. Linking insurance premiums more closely to actual individual vehicle or fleet performance allows insurers to more accurately price premiums. This increases affordability for lower-risk drivers, many of whom are also lower-income drivers. It also gives consumers the ability to control their premium costs by incenting them to reduce miles driven and adopt safer driving habits, with studies demonstrating that UBI programs reduce crash risk by around 50 percent. Fewer miles and safer driving also aid in reducing congestion, and vehicle emissions, which benefits society.
The use of telematics helps insurers more accurately estimate accident damages and reduce fraud by enabling them to analyze the driving data (such as hard braking, speed, and time) during an accident. This additional data can also be used by insurers to refine or differentiate UBI products. Additionally, the ancillary safety benefits offered in conjunction with many telematics-based UBI programs also help to lower accident and vehicle theft related costs by improving accident response time, allowing for stolen vehicles to be tracked and recovered, and monitoring driver safety. Telematics also allow fleets to determine the most efficient routes, saving them costs related to personnel, gas, and maintenance.
Implementing a UBI program, particularly one that utilizes telematics, can be costly and resource intensive to the insurer. UBI programs rely heavily on costly technology to capture and sensitize driving data. Additionally, UBI is an emerging area and thus there is still much uncertainty surrounding the selection and interpretation of driving data and how that data should be integrated into existing or new price structures to maintain profitability. This is particularly important, as the transitioning of lower-risk drivers into UBI programs that offer lower premiums could put pressure on overall insurer profitability.
When I boot the kernel from MTD(rootfs):ubi(kernel), the kernel can't see any of the other UBI volumes. Here's what happens with the bootargs set as ubi.mtd=rootfs root=ubi0:rootfs:[ 2.036809] Creating 1 MTD partitions on "spi0.1":[ 2.041164] 0x000000000000-0x000003800000 : "rootfs"[ 2.047263] mtd: device 9 (rootfs) set to be root filesystem[ 2.053297] mtdsplit: no squashfs found in "rootfs"[ 2.078166] ubi0: attaching mtd9[ 4.346371] ubi0: scanning is finished[ 4.403902] ubi0: attached mtd9 (name "rootfs", size 56 MiB)[ 4.403934] ubi0: PEB size: 131072 bytes (128 KiB), LEB size: 126976 bytes[ 4.408629] ubi0: min./max. I/O unit sizes: 2048/2048, sub-page size 2048[ 4.415351] ubi0: VID header offset: 2048 (aligned 2048), data offset: 4096[ 4.422190] ubi0: good PEBs: 448, bad PEBs: 0, corrupted PEBs: 0[ 4.428942] ubi0: user volume: 4, internal volumes: 1, max. volumes count: 128[ 4.435211] ubi0: max/mean erase counter: 3/1, WL threshold: 4096, image sequence number: 1011195579[ 4.442257] ubi0: available PEBs: 0, total reserved PEBs: 448, PEBs reserved for bad PEB handling: 20[ 4.451535] ubi0: background thread "ubi_bgt0d" started, PID 105[ 4.456078] block ubiblock0_2: created from ubi0:2[ 4.472467] VFS: Cannot open root device "ubi0:rootfs" or unknown-block(31,9): error -2[ 4.472498] Please append a correct "root=" boot option; here are the available partitions:[ 4.479295] 1f00 256 mtdblock0 [ 4.487647] (driver?)[ 4.492819] 1f01 128 mtdblock1 [ 4.494035] (driver?)[ 4.499162] 1f02 384 mtdblock2 [ 4.500381] (driver?)[ 4.505509] 1f03 64 mtdblock3 [ 4.506727] (driver?)[ 4.511868] 1f04 64 mtdblock4 [ 4.513072] (driver?)[ 4.518200] 1f05 64 mtdblock5 [ 4.519420] (driver?)[ 4.524547] 1f06 960 mtdblock6 [ 4.525765] (driver?)[ 4.530893] 1f07 64 mtdblock7 [ 4.532126] (driver?)[ 4.537238] 1f08 64 mtdblock8 [ 4.538455] (driver?)[ 4.543584] 1f09 57344 mtdblock9 [ 4.544802] (driver?)[ 4.549930] fe00 2480 ubiblock0_2 [ 4.551150] (driver?)[ 4.556451] Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(31,9)
I have tried to compile and install the latest OpenWRT on EA6200, But finally I got :--------------[ 7.090777] UBI: auto-attach mtd5[ 7.093921] ubi0: attaching mtd5[ 7.205939] ubi0: scanning is finished[ 7.236784] ubi0: volume 1 ("rootfs_data") re-sized from 9 to 119 LEBs[ 7.244063] ubi0: attached mtd5 (name "ubi", size 25 MiB)[ 7.249445] ubi0: PEB size: 131072 bytes (128 KiB), LEB size: 126976 bytes[ 7.256329] ubi0: min./max. I/O unit sizes: 2048/2048, sub-page size 2048[ 7.263096] ubi0: VID header offset: 2048 (aligned 2048), data offset: 4096[ 7.270022] ubi0: good PEBs: 199, bad PEBs: 1, corrupted PEBs: 0[ 7.276012] ubi0: user volume: 2, internal volumes: 1, max. volumes count: 128[ 7.283208] ubi0: max/mean erase counter: 1/0, WL threshold: 4096, image sequence number: 432917767[ 7.292219] ubi0: available PEBs: 0, total reserved PEBs: 199, PEBs reserved for bad PEB handling: 19[ 7.301468] ubi0: background thread "ubi_bgt0d" started, PID 334[ 7.308893] block ubiblock0_0: created from ubi0:0(rootfs)[ 7.349335] squashfs: SQUASHFS error: unable to read id index table[ 7.355892] List of all partitions:[ 7.359395] 1f00 512 mtdblock0 (driver?)[ 7.364465] 1f01 1024 mtdblock1 (driver?)[ 7.369498] 1f02 512 mtdblock2 (driver?)[ 7.374556] 1f04 4095 mtdblock4 (driver?)[ 7.379591] 1f05 25600 mtdblock5 (driver?)[ 7.384637] 1f06 99328 mtdblock6 (driver?)[ 7.389673] 1f07 1869 mtdblock7 (driver?)[ 7.394719] 1f08 97458 mtdblock8 (driver?)[ 7.399756] 1f09 85760 mtdblock9 (driver?)[ 7.404802] fe00 7068 ubiblock0_0 (driver?)[ 7.410007] No filesystem could mount root, tried: squashfs[ 7.415672] Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(31,8)[ 7.423984] ---[ end Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(31,8)--------I think the rootfs has some problem(maybe it is the ubi format problem ??)Did some one get this problem before ???
(2)after (1) ubi driver will parse the ubi partition, then find a partition with roorfs lable. ubi driver can set this partition as rootfs, but it already got a "rootfs" in (1), so this time, the right rootfs will be ignore.
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